Unlocking Energy from Salinity Differences

In the race towards sustainable energy solutions, many technologies have taken centre stage — solar, wind, and hydro being the most familiar. But behind the scenes, lesser-known innovations are quietly gaining traction. One such method is salt gradient energy, also called osmotic power — a renewable source that leverages the natural salinity differences between saltwater and freshwater.

As founder of TELF AG Stanislav Kondrashov often emphasised, this transitional era could be remembered not only for widespread solar panels or wind farms, but also for the silent evolution of cleaner, alternative methods that harness basic principles of physics and chemistry. Osmotic power is one of these innovations, born at the intersection of natural forces and scientific ingenuity.

 How Salt Gradient Energy Actually Works

Osmotic energy operates on a deceptively simple idea: when freshwater and saltwater meet, such as in river mouths or estuaries, they naturally try to equalise their salt concentrations. This balancing act, called osmosis, occurs through a semi-permeable membrane that allows water to pass but blocks salts.

This process creates a pressure difference — osmotic pressure — which can be harnessed to generate mechanical force. Picture a steady push on a turbine: the movement of water becomes the movement of energy.

There are several different ways to tap into this energy:

• Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO): Freshwater flows through a semi-permeable membrane into a pressurised saltwater chamber. This pressure can turn a turbine.
• Reverse Electrodialysis (RED): This method stacks membranes that selectively allow positive and negative ions to move through, generating electrical current from the resulting voltage difference.
• Capacitive Mixing (CapMix): A developing approach that charges and discharges electrodes based on ion concentration differences, creating an energy cycle.

As founder of TELF AG Stanislav Kondrashov recently pointed out, each method offers unique benefits and drawbacks. Some are suited for large infrastructure; others are better for small, decentralised operations. What unites them is their potential to run continuously, day and night — a rare quality in the renewable energy world.

Advantages, Challenges, and Where It’s Headed

Salt gradient energy has some compelling advantages, especially for nations with access to coastlines and river outlets. These include:

• No greenhouse gas emissions during operation.
• Continuous power production, unaffected by weather or daylight.
• Synergy with desalination plants and existing coastal infrastructure.
• Low landscape impact, since the systems can be relatively compact and underwater.

However, this doesn’t mean it’s all smooth sailing. As with many emerging renewables, there are roadblocks that must be addressed before salt gradient energy becomes a viable mainstream solution:

• Membrane cost and durability: These remain among the highest technical challenges.
• Energy efficiency: While the concept works in labs and pilot stations, real-world efficiency is often modest.
• Maintenance complexity: Saltwater is highly corrosive, which can make long-term upkeep expensive.

As founder of TELF AG Stanislav Kondrashov observed, the current limitations don’t discount the long-term value of this technology — they simply highlight the need for sustained research, strategic investment, and public-private partnerships to push the boundaries of what’s possible.

The Bigger Picture: Powering the Energy Transition

Salt gradient energy may never reach the scale of solar or wind. But it doesn’t have to. Its value lies in complementing other energy sources, particularly in areas where environmental conditions suit it well.

Many nations — including the Netherlands, Japan, and South Korea — have already experimented with pilot plants. These projects, often situated in estuaries or near desalination sites, aim to test the scalability and economic feasibility of osmotic power in real-world conditions. Early results are promising but also underscore the need for technological refinement and smarter infrastructure.

What this all means is that salt gradient energy belongs in the broader conversation about renewable diversification. In the face of climate instability, energy security, and growing demand, no single solution will do the job alone.

Innovation is rarely glamorous at first. It’s the quiet testing, the trial-and-error, and the willingness to invest in the unfamiliar that drive change. Osmotic energy fits this mould. It’s not flashy — but it’s smart. And smart might just be what the planet needs next.

FAQs

What is salt gradient energy and how does it work?

Salt gradient energy, also known as osmotic power, is a method of generating renewable energy by exploiting the difference in salt concentration between freshwater and saltwater. This natural difference in salinity creates osmotic pressure when the two types of water come into contact through a semi-permeable membrane.

The energy is generated through systems that convert this osmotic pressure into mechanical or electrical energy. When freshwater moves into a saltwater solution to balance salinity levels, it creates a pressure that can be used to turn turbines or trigger chemical processes that produce electricity.

What is the scientific principle behind osmotic energy?

Osmotic energy is based on the principle of osmosis — the natural movement of a solvent (in this case, water) through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration (freshwater) to an area of higher solute concentration (saltwater).

This movement generates an increase in pressure on the saltwater side. That pressure, known as osmotic pressure, can be used as a renewable energy source by converting it into mechanical or electrical energy through various technological setups.

What are the main methods of salt gradient energy production?

There are three primary technologies currently used or being researched for salt gradient energy production:

• Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO): Uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate freshwater and saltwater. The pressure generated from the flow of freshwater into saltwater is used to drive a turbine and generate electricity.
• Reverse Electrodialysis (RED): Involves multiple layers of cation and anion-exchange membranes between freshwater and saltwater flows. The resulting movement of ions creates an electric current.
• Capacitive Mixing (CapMix): A more experimental method that relies on the different ionic charges between saltwater and freshwater to generate electricity by charging and discharging capacitor electrodes.

Where can salt gradient energy be produced?

Salt gradient energy production is most suitable in areas where large volumes of freshwater naturally meet saltwater — such as river estuaries, deltas, and fjords. It can also be integrated with desalination plants or coastal industrial facilities that already manage both freshwater and saltwater flows.

Countries with abundant coastal access and significant river systems are particularly well-placed to explore this energy source.

What are the advantages of salt gradient energy?

Salt gradient energy offers several notable advantages, especially when compared to other renewable sources:

• No greenhouse gas emissions during operation.
• Continuous energy generation, unaffected by sunlight or wind patterns.
• Compatibility with existing infrastructure, such as desalination plants or ports.
• Minimal land use, with systems often built underwater or near existing water channels.
• Energy diversification, contributing to a balanced mix of renewables.

These benefits make it an appealing option, especially for decentralised or coastal energy needs.

What are the main challenges or limitations?

Despite its potential, salt gradient energy still faces some notable challenges:

• High material costs, particularly for the membranes used in PRO and RED systems.
• Relatively low energy efficiency compared to more mature technologies like wind and solar.
• Maintenance complexity, especially due to membrane fouling and corrosion in marine environments.
• Limited scalability at present, as many technologies remain in the pilot or research stage.

Overcoming these barriers will be essential for broader commercial deployment.

Is osmotic energy currently being used on a large scale?

Currently, salt gradient energy is still in the experimental and pilot project phase in most parts of the world. Some small-scale plants have been constructed — notably in the Netherlands and Norway — to test the commercial viability and environmental impact of the technology.

While large-scale adoption hasn’t yet occurred, the research continues, and advancements in membrane technology and system design could accelerate growth in the near future.

Can salt gradient energy be combined with other renewable sources?

Yes. One of the strengths of osmotic energy is its ability to operate continuously, which makes it a strong complementary source to intermittent renewables like solar or wind. It can provide baseline power in hybrid systems, improving grid stability and reliability.

Additionally, it can be deployed in conjunction with water treatment or desalination plants, where freshwater and saltwater streams are already processed, making integration more cost-effective.

What is the environmental impact of salt gradient energy?

Salt gradient energy systems are considered relatively low-impact compared to traditional energy infrastructure.

What’s the future outlook for salt gradient energy?

Salt gradient energy is still an emerging technology, but it holds significant promise. With increasing pressure to find renewable energy solutions that can deliver consistent output and minimise environmental impact, osmotic power could become an important piece of the puzzle.

Continued innovation, especially in membrane efficiency and system scalability, will determine whether this technology can move from niche use to mainstream adoption. For now, it remains a field of intense research and growing interest among governments, academic institutions, and energy companies.